A committee chair, researcher, sponsor and independent observer examine a proposed study in an invented market. A previous promotional booklet and a requested role in choosing assessors make the meaning of disclosure consequential.
01Read the Arabic conversation
إِدَارَةُ تَعَارُضِ الْمَصَالِحِ فِي بَحْثٍ ثَقَافِيٍّ
رُبَى: أَمَامَ لَجْنَتِنَا مُقْتَرَحٌ لِبَحْثِ أَثَرِ الْأَمْسِيَاتِ الثَّقَافِيَّةِ فِي سُوقِ الْقَنَادِيلِ الْمُتَخَيَّلِ. يَمْلِكُ سَامِي مَتْجَرًا هُنَاكَ وَيَعْرِضُ تَمْوِيلَ الْبَحْثِ. وَقَدْ أَفْصَحَ نَادِرٌ عَنْ عَمَلٍ سَابِقٍ لَدَيْهِ. نُقَرِّرُ الْيَوْمَ شُرُوطَ النَّظَرِ فِي الْمُقْتَرَحِ.
نَادِرٌ: أَعْدَدْتُ كُتَيِّبًا لِمَتْجَرِهِ بِأَجْرٍ ثَابِتٍ، وَانْتَهَى الْعَمَلُ قَبْلَ سَنَةٍ. لَا أَتَقَاضَى مِنْهُ شَيْئًا الْآنَ، لَكِنَّ الْكُتَيِّبَ مَنَحَنِي مَعْرِفَةً بِالْأَرْشِيفِ. ذَكَرْتُ الصِّلَةَ لِئَلَّا يَبْدُوَ اخْتِيَارِي خَالِيًا مِنْ سِيَاقٍ.
سَامِي: أَسْتَفِيدُ إِذَا شَجَّعَ الْبَحْثُ زِيَارَةَ السُّوقِ؛ لَا أُخْفِي ذَلِكَ. اِقْتَرَحْتُ نَادِرًا لِأَنَّهُ يَعْرِفُ السِّجِلَّاتِ، وَطَلَبْتُ الْمُشَارَكَةَ فِي اخْتِيَارِ الْمُقَيِّمِينَ. أَخْشَى أَنْ نَدْفَعَ ثَمَنَ بَحْثٍ يَبْدَأُ بِاكْتِشَافِ مَا نَعْرِفُهُ.
هُدَى: الْإِفْصَاحُ يَجْعَلُ الصِّلَةَ مَرْئِيَّةً، وَلَا يُبْطِلُ أَثَرَهَا بِمُجَرَّدِ ذِكْرِهَا. وَالصِّلَةُ وَحْدَهَا لَا تُثْبِتُ التَّلَاعُبَ بِالدَّلِيلِ. سُؤَالُنَا: أَيُّ قَرَارٍ قَدْ تُؤَثِّرُ فِيهِ، وَمَنْ يُرَاجِعُهُ؟
رُبَى: لِنَفْصِلْ بَيْنَ مَصْلَحَةِ الْمُمَوِّلِ وَصَلَاحِيَّةِ الْبَاحِثِ. نَادِرٌ مُرَشَّحٌ لِتَنْفِيذِ الْبَحْثِ، فَلَا يُقَيِّمُ مُقْتَرَحَهُ. أَمَّا صِلَتُهُ الْقَدِيمَةُ، فَنَحْتَاجُ إِلَى بَيَانِ مَا تَتْرُكُهُ مِنْ نُفُوذٍ، لَا إِلَى إِعْلَانِ بَرَاءَةٍ أَوْ إِدَانَةٍ.
نَادِرٌ: لَا أَطْلُبُ أَنْ أُقَيِّمَ نَفْسِي. لَكِنَّنِي كَتَبْتُ فِي الْكُتَيِّبِ أَنَّ الْأَمْسِيَاتِ تُنْعِشُ السُّوقَ، مِنْ شَهَادَاتٍ اخْتَارَهَا الْمَتْجَرُ. لَمْ يَكُنْ ذَلِكَ بَحْثًا مُقَارَنًا؛ وَأَخْشَى أَنْ يَصِيرَ قَوْلِي الْقَدِيمُ نَتِيجَةً أُدَافِعُ عَنْهَا.
سَامِي: كَانَ الْكُتَيِّبُ تَعْرِيفًا بِالْمَتْجَرِ، وَقُرَّاؤُهُ يَعْرِفُونَ ذَلِكَ. لَا أَطْلُبُ تَحْوِيلَهُ إِلَى بُرْهَانٍ، لَكِنَّ شَهَادَاتِ الْعَامِلِينَ تَظَلُّ مَادَّةً مُمْكِنَةً. هَلْ نُهْمِلُهَا لِأَنَّنَا جَمَعْنَاهَا لِغَرَضٍ تَرْوِيجِيٍّ؟
هُدَى: لَا؛ نَحْفَظُ مَصْدَرَهَا وَطَرِيقَةَ اِنْتِقَائِهَا، وَنَسْأَلُ مَنْ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا فِي الْكُتَيِّبِ. الِاعْتِرَاضُ عَلَى اتِّخَاذِ الشَّهَادَاتِ الْمُنْتَقَاةِ صُورَةً لِلسُّوقِ كُلِّهِ، لَا عَلَى سَمَاعِ أَصْحَابِهَا. وَيَلْزَمُ أَنْ يُتَاحَ فَحْصُ الشَّهَادَاتِ الْمُخَالِفَةِ أَيْضًا.
رُبَى: فِي الْمُقْتَرَحِ سِجِلُّ زِيَارَاتٍ يَحْتَفِظُ بِهِ الْمَتْجَرُ. هَلْ يَشْمَلُ أَيَّامًا بِلَا أَمْسِيَاتٍ، وَهَلْ يَسْتَطِيعُ الْبَاحِثُ نَشْرَ مُلَاحَظَةٍ لَا تُسَاعِدُ التَّرْوِيجَ؟ هَذَانِ شَرْطَانِ لِتَقْيِيمِ الْخُطَّةِ، لَا حُكْمَانِ مُسْبَقَانِ عَلَى نَتِيجَتِهَا.
نَادِرٌ: السِّجِلُّ الْمَعْرُوضُ يَشْمَلُ الْأَمْسِيَاتِ فَقَطْ، وَهُوَ يُظْهِرُ دُخُولَ الْمَتْجَرِ، لَا حَرَكَةَ السُّوقِ. كُنْتُ سَأَبْدَأُ مِنْهُ لِسُهُولَةِ الْوُصُولِ. هَذِهِ فَائِدَةُ الصِّلَةِ، وَهَذَا أَيْضًا مَوْضِعُ الْحَذَرِ: مَا يَسْهُلُ لِي لَيْسَ بِالضَّرُورَةِ مَا يَكْفِي.
سَامِي: أَسْتَطِيعُ تَقْدِيمَ سِجِلِّ الْأَيَّامِ الْأُخْرَى. لَكِنَّ الْمِيزَانِيَّةَ لَا تَحْتَمِلُ دِرَاسَةَ كُلِّ مَتْجَرٍ؛ أَحْتَاجُ إِلَى نِطَاقٍ مَحْدُودٍ. إِذَا ضَيَّقْنَا الْبَحْثَ إِلَى مَتْجَرِي، فَهَلْ يَصِيرُ التَّمْوِيلُ نَفْسُهُ سَبَبًا لِرَفْضِهِ، وَلَوْ وَضَحَتْ حُدُودُهُ؟
هُدَى: لَيْسَ تَضْيِيقُ النِّطَاقِ تَلَاعُبًا فِي ذَاتِهِ. لَكِنَّ الْعُنْوَانَ يَعِدُ بِحُكْمٍ عَلَى السُّوقِ؛ فَلْيَتَغَيَّرْ مَعَ الْخُطَّةِ. وَحَذْفُ يَوْمٍ لِأَنَّ نَتِيجَتَهُ تُزْعِجُ الْمُمَوِّلَ يَخْتَلِفُ عَنْ تَحْدِيدِ النِّطَاقِ قَبْلَ الْفَحْصِ. نَحْتَاجُ إِلَى تَمْيِيزٍ يُمْكِنُ تَتَبُّعُهُ.
رُبَى: سَنَطْلُبُ خُطَّةً تَخُصُّ الْمَتْجَرَ، وَتُبَيِّنُ اخْتِيَارَ الْأَيَّامِ قَبْلَ جَمْعِ الْمُلَاحَظَاتِ الْجَدِيدَةِ. لَنْ يَخْتَارَ سَامِي الْمُقَيِّمِينَ؛ فَالْقُدْرَةُ عَلَى دَفْعِ الْكُلْفَةِ لَا تَمْنَحُهُ صَلَاحِيَّةَ الْحُكْمِ عَلَى الْخُطَّةِ الَّتِي قَدْ تَخْدِمُهُ.
نَادِرٌ: أَنْسَحِبُ مِنَ الْمُشَارَكَةِ فِي اخْتِيَارِ الْمُقَيِّمِينَ، وَأَبْقَى مُرَشَّحًا يُقَيَّمُ مُقْتَرَحُهُ. سَأُرْفِقُ الْكُتَيِّبَ وَأَشْرَحُ كَيْفَ تَخْتَلِفُ الْخُطَّةُ الْجَدِيدَةُ عَنْهُ. لَا أُرِيدُ أَنْ يَصِيرَ اِنْسِحَابِي الْجُزْئِيُّ اِعْتِرَافًا بِتَزْوِيرٍ لَمْ يَقُلْ أَحَدٌ إِنَّهُ وَقَعَ.
سَامِي: أَقْبَلُ عَدَمَ اخْتِيَارِهِمْ، وَأَقْبَلُ نَشْرَ نَتِيجَةٍ غَيْرِ مُرِيحَةٍ. لَكِنَّنِي أُرِيدُ مَوْعِدًا لِتَسْلِيمِ الْعَمَلِ، وَفُرْصَةً لِتَصْحِيحِ وَصْفِ سِجِلَّاتِي. هَلْ يُمْكِنُ أَنْ أُبَيِّنَ خَطَأً فِي الْوَصْفِ دُونَ أَنْ أَمْلِكَ حَذْفَ الِاسْتِنْتَاجِ؟
هُدَى: نَعَمْ؛ تُسَجَّلُ مُلَاحَظَتُكَ وَجَوَابُ الْبَاحِثِ، وَيَرَى الْمُقَيِّمُ مَا تَغَيَّرَ وَلِمَاذَا. الْحَقُّ فِي طَلَبِ التَّصْحِيحِ لَيْسَ حَقًّا فِي مَنْعِ النَّشْرِ. أَمَّا الْمَوْعِدُ وَالْكُلْفَةُ فَيُكْتَبَانِ قَبْلَ اخْتِيَارِ الْبَاحِثِ، لَا بَعْدَ ظُهُورِ نَتِيجَتِهِ.
رُبَى: هَذِهِ تَرْتِيبَاتٌ نَقْتَرِحُهَا لِهَذِهِ اللَّجْنَةِ، وَلَيْسَتْ شَهَادَةً بِاسْتِقْلَالٍ مَضْمُونٍ. إِذَا رَفَضَ الْمُمَوِّلُ إِتَاحَةَ السِّجِلِّ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَيْهِ، فَسَنُوَقِّفُ النَّظَرَ فِي الْمُقْتَرَحِ. لَا تَكْفِي عِبَارَةٌ جَمِيلَةٌ عَنِ الشَّفَافِيَّةِ لِتَعْوِيضِ مَادَّةٍ مَحْجُوبَةٍ.
نَادِرٌ: وَإِذَا اخْتِيرَ بَاحِثٌ آخَرُ، فَسَأَشْرَحُ لَهُ الْأَرْشِيفَ مَعَ تَسْجِيلِ الشَّرْحِ. لَنْ أُحَوِّلَ خَسَارَةَ التَّكْلِيفِ إِلَى اِحْتِكَارٍ لِلْمَعْرِفَةِ. مَعَ ذَلِكَ، يَجِبُ أَنْ يُعْرَفَ أَنَّ شَرْحِي صَادِرٌ عَنْ شَخْصٍ كَتَبَ الرِّوَايَةَ التَّرْوِيجِيَّةَ الْقَدِيمَةَ.
سَامِي: تَعْنِي هَذِهِ الشُّرُوطُ أَنَّنِي أَفْقِدُ بَعْضَ الْمَرُونَةِ، لَا أَنَّنِي أَفْقِدُ كُلَّ صَوْتٍ. أَسْتَطِيعُ شَرْحَ حَاجَتِي وَالِاعْتِرَاضَ عَلَى وَصْفٍ، وَأَتْرُكُ التَّقْيِيمَ لِغَيْرِي. أَحْتَاجُ إِلَى كَلَامٍ وَاضِحٍ يَذْكُرُ مَا قَبِلْتُهُ، لَا يَصِفُنِي كَعَقَبَةٍ.
هُدَى: وَعَلَيَّ أَنْ أُفْصِحَ أَيْضًا: اِقْتَرَحْتُ مُقَيِّمَةً أَعْمَلُ مَعَهَا فِي نَادٍ لِلْقِرَاءَةِ. لَا يُثْبِتُ ذَلِكَ أَنَّهَا تُجَامِلُنِي، لَكِنَّ وَصْفَهَا بِالِاسْتِقْلَالِ لَا يَصْدُرُ مِنِّي وَحْدِي. سَأَمْتَنِعُ عَنِ الْمُشَارَكَةِ فِي تَقْيِيمِ تَرْشِيحِهَا.
رُبَى: إِذَنْ تُفْحَصُ صِلَاتُ الْمُقَيِّمِينَ أَيْضًا، وَلَا تَحُلُّ كَلِمَةُ مُسْتَقِلٍّ مَحَلَّ ذَلِكَ. سَتَخْتَارُهُمْ أَعْضَاءُ اللَّجْنَةِ الَّذِينَ لَا تَرْبِطُهُمْ صِلَةٌ مُعْلَنَةٌ بِالْمُرَشَّحِ. وَإِنْ ظَهَرَتْ صِلَةٌ جَدِيدَةٌ، أَعَدْنَا فَحْصَ تَوْزِيعِ الْأَدْوَارِ قَبْلَ التَّكْلِيفِ.
نَادِرٌ: الِامْتِنَاعُ عَنْ قَرَارٍ مُحَدَّدٍ لَا يَمْحُو خِبْرَتَنَا، بَلْ يُحَدِّدُ كَيْفَ تُسْتَخْدَمُ. أَفْهَمُ الْآنَ أَنَّ قَوْلِي إِنَّنِي أَفْصَحْتُ كَانَ نَاقِصًا؛ يَبْقَى السُّؤَالُ عَمَّا أَحْتَفِظُ بِهِ مِنْ سُلْطَةٍ بَعْدَ الْإِفْصَاحِ، وَعَمَّنْ يُرَاجِعُهَا.
سَامِي: وَأَطْلُبُ أَنْ يَذْكُرَ الْمَحْضَرُ أَنَّ تَمْوِيلِي لَيْسَ مَشْرُوطًا بِالثَّنَاءِ. قَدْ أَسْتَفِيدُ مِنْ نَتِيجَةٍ مُؤَيِّدَةٍ، وَقَدْ أَتَعَلَّمُ مِنْ نَتِيجَةٍ مُخَالِفَةٍ. لَا يَلْزَمُ أَنْ تَصِيرَ مَصْلَحَتِي مَصْلَحَةَ الْبَاحِثِ، وَلَكِنْ يَلْزَمُ أَنْ تَبْقَى ظَاهِرَةً.
هُدَى: سَأَكْتُبُ أَنَّ الْمُقْتَرَحَ صَارَ قَابِلًا لِلتَّقْيِيمِ بِشُرُوطٍ، لَا أَنَّهُ ثَبَتَ خُلُوُّهُ مِنَ التَّأْثِيرِ. وَسَأُثْبِتُ التَّنَحِّيَ الْمُحَدَّدَ وَحَقَّ نَشْرِ النَّتَائِجِ. هَكَذَا يُمْكِنُ مُرَاجَعَةُ التَّرْتِيبِ بَدَلَ الِاكْتِفَاءِ بِحُسْنِ نَوَايَانَا الْمُعْلَنَةِ.
رُبَى: نَعْتَمِدُ الْيَوْمَ شُرُوطَ الدَّعْوَةِ الْمُعَدَّلَةِ، وَلَا نَخْتَارُ الْبَاحِثَ. يَخْرُجُ سَامِي مِنَ اخْتِيَارِ الْمُقَيِّمِينَ، وَيَخْرُجُ نَادِرٌ مِنْهُ وَمِنْ تَقْيِيمِ مُقْتَرَحِهِ. وَتَمْتَنِعُ هُدَى عَنْ تَقْيِيمِ مُرَشَّحَتِهَا. يَبْقَى مَصِيرُ التَّكْلِيفِ مَفْتُوحًا بَعْدَ تَعْدِيلِ الْخُطَّةِ.
نَادِرٌ: سَأُقَدِّمُ الْخُطَّةَ الْمُعَدَّلَةَ دُونَ أَنْ أَعْتَبِرَ مَعْرِفَتِي بِالسِّجِلَّاتِ ضَمَانًا لِاخْتِيَارِي. وَإِنْ لَمْ أُخْتَرْ، فَلَنْ أَعُدَّ ذَلِكَ حُكْمًا عَلَى أَمَانَتِي؛ يَجِبُ بَيَانُ أَسْبَابِ التَّقْيِيمِ، بَدَلَ تَرْكِهَا لِلتَّخْمِينِ.
سَامِي: سَأُؤَكِّدُ التَّمْوِيلَ عَلَى هَذِهِ الشُّرُوطِ قَبْلَ فَحْصِ الْخُطَطِ. أَرْغَبُ فِي نَتِيجَةٍ تَخْدِمُ الْمَتْجَرَ، وَلَكِنَّ رَغْبَتِي لَا تَكُونُ جُزْءًا مِنْ مِعْيَارِ الْقَبُولِ. هَذَا فَرْقٌ أَسْتَطِيعُ قَبُولَهُ دُونَ ادِّعَاءِ أَنَّنِي صِرْتُ بِلَا مَصْلَحَةٍ.
هُدَى: وَلَنْ أُحَوِّلَ مُوَافَقَتَكَ إِلَى وَثِيقَةِ تَبْرِئَةٍ، كَمَا لَنْ أُحَوِّلَ صِلَتَكَ بِنَادِرٍ إِلَى دَلِيلِ تَلَاعُبٍ. نَمْلِكُ تَرْتِيبًا أَوْضَحَ لِلْأَدْوَارِ وَالْفَحْصِ؛ أَمَّا صِدْقُ النَّتِيجَةِ فَيَحْتَاجُ إِلَى الدَّلِيلِ الَّذِي لَمْ يُجْمَعْ بَعْدُ.
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Ruba — committee chair: Our committee has a proposal to study the effect of cultural evenings in the invented Lantern Market. Sami owns a shop there and offers to fund the research. Nadir has disclosed previous work for him. Today we decide the conditions for considering the proposal.
Nadir — researcher: I prepared a booklet for his shop for a fixed fee, and the work ended a year ago. I receive nothing from him now, but the booklet gave me familiarity with the archive. I mentioned the connection so that selecting me would not seem devoid of context.
Sami — sponsor: I benefit if the research encourages visits to the market; I do not hide that. I suggested Nadir because he knows the records and requested a role in selecting the assessors. I fear paying for research that begins by discovering what we already know.
Huda — independent observer: Disclosure makes the connection visible; mentioning it does not cancel its effect. Nor does the connection alone prove manipulation of evidence. Our question is which decision it could influence, and who reviews it.
Ruba — committee chair: Let us separate the funder’s interest from the researcher’s suitability. Nadir is a candidate to carry out the research, so he will not assess his own proposal. As for his old connection, we need an account of the influence it leaves, rather than a declaration of innocence or guilt.
Nadir — researcher: I am not asking to assess myself. But in the booklet I wrote that the evenings revitalise the market, based on testimonies the shop selected. That was not comparative research, and I fear my old statement becoming a conclusion I defend.
Sami — sponsor: The booklet introduced the shop, and its readers know that. I am not asking to turn it into proof, but workers’ testimonies remain possible material. Should we ignore them because we collected them for promotion?
Huda — independent observer: No: we retain their source and how they were selected, and ask people who did not appear in the booklet. The objection concerns treating selected testimonies as a picture of the entire market, rather than hearing their authors. Conflicting testimonies must also be open to examination.
Ruba — committee chair: The proposal includes a visitor record kept by the shop. Does it cover days without evenings, and can the researcher publish an observation that does not aid promotion? These are two conditions for assessing the plan, rather than prejudgments of its result.
Nadir — researcher: The supplied record covers evenings only, and it shows entry into the shop, rather than movement around the market. I would have started with it because it is easy to access. That is the benefit of the connection, and also the reason for caution: what is easy for me is not necessarily sufficient.
Sami — sponsor: I can provide the other days’ record. But the budget cannot accommodate studying every shop; I need a limited scope. If we narrow the research to my shop, does the funding itself become a reason to reject it, even if its limits are clear?
Huda — independent observer: Narrowing the scope is not manipulation in itself. But the title promises a judgment about the market; let it change with the plan. Deleting a day because its result upsets the funder differs from defining scope before examination. We need a distinction that can be traced.
Ruba — committee chair: We will request a plan concerning the shop that explains the choice of days before new observations are collected. Sami will not select the assessors: the ability to meet the cost does not give him authority to judge a plan that may serve him.
Nadir — researcher: I withdraw from participation in choosing the assessors and remain a candidate whose proposal is assessed. I will attach the booklet and explain how the new plan differs from it. I do not want my partial withdrawal to become an admission of falsification that nobody has said occurred.
Sami — sponsor: I accept not selecting them, and I accept publication of an uncomfortable result. But I want a deadline for delivery and an opportunity to correct descriptions of my records. Can I point out an error in the description without possessing the power to delete the inference?
Huda — independent observer: Yes: your comment and the researcher’s response are recorded, and the assessor sees what changed and why. The right to request correction is not a right to prevent publication. The deadline and cost are written before selecting the researcher, rather than after the result appears.
Ruba — committee chair: These are arrangements we propose for this committee, not a certificate of guaranteed independence. If the funder refuses access to the agreed record, we will stop considering the proposal. A fine phrase about transparency cannot compensate for withheld material.
Nadir — researcher: If another researcher is selected, I will explain the archive to them with the explanation recorded. I will not turn losing the assignment into a monopoly on knowledge. Still, it must be known that my explanation comes from someone who wrote the old promotional account.
Sami — sponsor: These conditions mean I lose some flexibility, rather than every voice. I can explain my need and object to a description while leaving assessment to others. I need clear wording that states what I accepted, rather than portraying me as an obstacle.
Huda — independent observer: I must also disclose that I suggested an assessor with whom I work in a reading club. This does not prove she would favour me, but declaring her independent is not for me alone. I will refrain from participating in assessing her nomination.
Ruba — committee chair: Then the assessors’ connections are examined too; the word independent does not replace that. Committee members with no disclosed connection to the nominee will select them. If a new connection appears, we reconsider the distribution of roles before the assignment.
Nadir — researcher: Refraining from a particular decision does not erase our expertise; it defines how that expertise is used. I now understand that saying I disclosed was incomplete: the question remains what authority I retain after disclosure and who reviews it.
Sami — sponsor: And I ask the record to state that my funding is not conditional on praise. I may benefit from a favourable result and learn from a conflicting one. My interest need not become the researcher’s interest, but it must remain visible.
Huda — independent observer: I will write that the proposal has become assessable under conditions, rather than that it has been proved free of influence. I will record the specific recusals and the right to publish results. That makes the arrangement reviewable rather than relying on our declared good intentions.
Ruba — committee chair: Today we adopt the revised call’s conditions without selecting the researcher. Sami withdraws from selecting the assessors, as does Nadir, who also withdraws from assessing his proposal. Huda refrains from assessing her nominee. The assignment remains undecided pending revision of the plan.
Nadir — researcher: I will submit the revised plan without treating my knowledge of the records as a guarantee of selection. If I am not chosen, I will not take that as a judgment on my integrity: the assessment reasons must be stated rather than left to guesswork.
Sami — sponsor: I will confirm funding on these conditions before the plans are examined. I want a result that serves the shop, but my desire will not be part of the acceptance criterion. I can accept that distinction without pretending I have become someone without an interest.
Huda — independent observer: I will not turn your agreement into an acquittal document, just as I will not turn your connection to Nadir into evidence of manipulation. We have a clearer arrangement for roles and examination; the truth of the result requires evidence that has not yet been collected.
02Useful words and expressions
| Arabic in the conversation | Meaning here |
|---|---|
| عَنْ عَمَلٍ سَابِقٍ لَدَيْهِ | about previous work for him |
| لِغَرَضٍ تَرْوِيجِيٍّ | for a promotional purpose |
| الشَّهَادَاتِ الْمُنْتَقَاةِ | the selected testimonies |
| حُكْمَانِ مُسْبَقَانِ | two prejudgments |
| لِسُهُولَةِ الْوُصُولِ | because of ease of access |
| تَضْيِيقُ النِّطَاقِ | narrowing the scope |
| حَقًّا فِي مَنْعِ النَّشْرِ | a right to prevent publication |
| مَادَّةٍ مَحْجُوبَةٍ | withheld material |
| اِحْتِكَارٍ لِلْمَعْرِفَةِ | a monopoly on knowledge |
| بِحُسْنِ نَوَايَانَا الْمُعْلَنَةِ | on our declared good intentions |
| لِلتَّخْمِينِ | to guesswork |
| وَثِيقَةِ تَبْرِئَةٍ | an acquittal document |
03Check your understanding
Choose one answer for each question. Look back at the Arabic conversation for evidence. Open the English question support or a hint when you need help.
What to remember
- Disclosure identifies an interest; particular decisions still need role limits, review and traceable evidence.
- Retain testimony with its selection context, and match a study’s title to the scope it can actually examine.
- Distinguish a right to request correction from a publication veto, and adopted conditions from a completed selection.
Explore the Arabic in this conversation
Related grammar and vocabularyOpen Araqick guides connected to this conversation.
Laysa in Arabic: Is Not and Is Not Here
لَيْسَ تَضْيِيقُ النِّطَاقِ تَلَاعُبًا فِي ذَاتِهِ
Use laysa with a nominative verbal noun and an accusative predicate to deny that a restricted scope is inherently manipulation.
Because in Arabic: Give a Reason with Lianna
لِأَنَّهُ يَعْرِفُ السِّجِلَّاتِ
Introduce the sponsor’s reason using lianna with a pronoun suffix and a verbal predicate about the researcher’s knowledge.
Fa in Arabic Conditional Sentences: When the Result Needs Fa
إِذَا رَفَضَ الْمُمَوِّلُ إِتَاحَةَ السِّجِلِّ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَيْهِ، فَسَنُوَقِّفُ النَّظَرَ فِي الْمُقْتَرَحِ
Connect an idha condition to a future committee response with fa followed by sa-.
